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IG Farben (7 )


March 11, 1938, the Wehrmacht crossed the Austrian border, and a few days later IG Farben managers followed suit. His goal was to present a memorandum entitled "A new order for a large chemical industry in Austria." This new order was, in essence, taking control by IG Farben of the Skoda Werke Wetzler, the largest chemical company in the country. The reasons given by IG in their paper were that the absorption facilitate the implementation of four-year plan approved by Hitler, and, incidentally, would eliminate the Jewish influence in the sector because, as IG is responsible for identifying, SWW was controlled by Rothschild. In fact, since before the Anschluss the Rothschilds were aware of the threat posed by IG Farben, and, through its CEO Isador Pollak had tried to avert it by merging with another large company in the sector. Immediately after the occupation of Austria, a government decree ordered the dismissal of all Jewish workers of SWW, and IG is mandated to provide personnel to fill the gaps Aryan. But besides this de facto occupation, and to provide a legal appearance to ownership, IG Farben executives began negotiations with the Rothschilds through their personal representative Josef Joham. The fact is that Joham was also Jewish, thus reducing their bargaining power to zero, as the agents of IG were commissioned, so ominous, to highlight during their talks. Finally, in autumn IG Farben was in possession of documents proving ownership of WWF. Joham then Austria had already fled, but not Isador Pollak, who was literally kicked to death by SS personnel.


The next dish Hitler was the feast of Czechoslovakia, and the September 29, 1938 Chamberlain and Daladier in Munich gave the nod to the intake. IG's attention was focused on two floors of Aussig Verein, the largest Czech Chemical, located in the Sudetenland. The company, to be 25% of Jewish leaders, was considered Jewish according to the parameters of the Nuremberg laws, which enables the authorities to expropriate .. The day after the entry of the German army, Hermann Schmitz sent a congratulatory telegram to Hitler: "Deeply impressed with the return of the Sudetenland to the Reich you, my Fuehrer, has been achieved. IG Farbenindustrie AG offers half million marks for the purposes of this territory. " IG then began negotiations with AV to buy your plants, and the manager was Baron Georg von Schnitzler , one of the most important non-technical managers of IG. A lack of a better weapon of negotiation, representatives of AV were dragging their feet and delay the process until Schnitzler threatened to complain to Hitler's lack of cooperation. This disruption of social peace, he continued, might well serve as a reason for the occupation of the rest of Czechoslovakia. Posts to speak AV representatives with members of the Czech Government, had confirmed that the threats were not unfounded Schnitzler, while they should fix their affairs as they could since they had their own problems. So, in a couple of days the sale was signed AV IG.

In September 1939 Hitler invaded Poland. IG coveted three companies in the sector of the dyes: Boruta, the largest, Wola, a small company controlled by Jews, and Winnica, controlled by French Kuhlmann and the Swiss branch of IG. Schnitzler, she went to the Ministry of Finance to declare that IG was unable to operate the three plants, but the answer he found was more cold. What happened was this. Heinrich Himmler, the SS chief, began to emerge over Göring, the traditional ally of IG. Himmler, who had his own plans for the properties confiscated in the conquered countries, had given orders to his representative in Poland to veto any movement to occur without your consent, so that Schnitzler was now closed. So, seeing the realignment of the stars Nazis, IG began a gradual approach to the orbit of Himmler.


Parallel to the strengthening of the relationship between IG and the Nazis, Carl Bosch was being stripped of all its responsibilities GI. Bosch, who believed that their contributions in the field of manufacturing of synthetic rubber fuel and had been instrumental in the war, was plunged into recurring depressions and took refuge in alcohol, until he decided to leave Germany. In February 1940 he went to Sicily accompanied by a colony of ants that had donated the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. No wonder that his depression will increase, so soon returned to Germany and died in Heidelberg. Shortly before predicted the imminent fall of France, which, in the medium term, would inexorably Germany itself and IG Farben.


In May 1940 von Manstein tanks crossed the Ardennes, a few weeks later France had surrendered, while England rescued troops from Dunkirk. With each new invasion, IG Farben was responsible for drafting the relevant time the memorandum on the new order of the chemical industry. The written after the fall of France not only detailed the fate of chemical companies from France, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Norway and Denmark but also from Russia, until then an ally of Germany, England, not yet conquered, and even Switzerland. Over time, was also included in their industry in the United States. According to IG, the key to controlling the European market was, in fact, France, and within it the most important company was Kuhlmann. In August, the IG plan was submitted to the Ministry of Economy. According to him, all French companies colors should be merged into one, to be called Francolor , the IG would have a 51% stake, dividing the remaining 49% among French companies. But when the plan was communicated to them so strongly rejected the French, sought to negotiate with IG as equal. After all, Hitler and Pétain in October had signed a pact Montoire which established the basis of collaboration Franco-German " Axis and France have achieved the same interest in seeing the defeat of England in the shortest possible time. Consequently, the French government support, within the limits of their forces, the Axis measures can be taken in this regard . "

* In the spirit of cooperation born Montoire, the French chemical industry representatives arranged a meeting with members German government and IG in Wiesbaden in November 1940. Attended by German Hans Hemmen, economic chief of the German delegation sent to negotiate the armistice, and the inevitable Schnitzler. In Wiesbaden the French began to express their views on equal footing as partners until Hemmen slammed his fist on the table that blew all the papers and left slamming the door. Schnitzler, more educated, translated his words could not forget that France had declared war on Germany and was lost and, therefore, were not in a negotiation between equals, but between winners and losers. The French delegation informed the meeting's results to the French Government, which was alarmed. Not only is the dye industry was considered essential for defense needs, but feared that this would mark the first negotiation guidelines that would occur in other sectors. Meanwhile IG made a new approach using the stick (the threat of confiscating Kuhlmann under the laws of Nuremberg) and carrot (the French make a 1% stake in IG). Finally in November 1941 an agreement was reached.


In summer 1942, Hitler was waging his dreaded two-front war, and mass demonstrations had left depopulated German industries. Are thought to use French labor, but the required total of 350,000 workers, only 30,000 attended. Then he turned to Francolor, which undertook to transfer to Germany to a portion of their workers without consulting them. From then the Germans would relate to the French managers Francolor as "slave traders." ______________________


* However, continuing the agreement, France will be recognized the place "deserved." Fortunately for France after the war was not recognized the place it deserved, but was considered the winner of the war power, entitled to a permanent seat on the Security Council of the UN.

Images, top to bottom:
1. IG Farben Business magazine: "From work to work"
2. Hitler announces Anschluss in the Reichstag.
3. Exterior IG Farben building in Frankfurt.
4. Map: "The achievements of IG in the world"
5. IG Farben Building

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HISTORY OF JAPAN (8): CUTS BOTH

In 1318 Emperor Go-Daigo ascended the throne. Upon seeing the spineless shikken the moment * decided to follow in the footsteps of Go-Toba ** and try to recover for themselves all the powers of government. This time better prepared the way with the monks of Enryaku-Ji, naming his son, say, abbot of the monastery. In 1331 the Emperor fled from Kyoto to the imperial ensigns, which spent part of their legitimacy, and took refuge in the monastery. Go-Daigo also had the support of Kusunoki Masashige, a leading figure in the military history of Japan for his skills as a strategist. I must say that, in retrospect, Masashige tactics seem somewhat childish. For example, being besieged in his castle by overwhelmingly superior forces of shikken , they did believe that his men had killed themselves en masse in a great fire, when in fact it had slipped back by a postern. And another: still under siege again, he suggested the attackers that the garrison had been bribed, and when those entrusted entered through an open door, it closed them in and were massacred by the men of Masashige designed to do so. In any case, Masashige was the first Japanese military techniques developed long siege.

Finally the Kamakura shogunate decided to end the problem physically neutralize the Emperor, and sent a samurai, Ashikaga Takauji to make a Go-Daigo prisoner. Halfway down, however, decided to switch sides Takauji and took Kyoto on behalf of the Emperor. Things began to go wrong for shikken , especially when their commanders began to go to camp Takauji. In 1333 fell *** Kamakura bakufu and shikken .

Go-Daigo Emperor was now true. But, much enlarged by the turn of events, began to behave without the slightest touch. For starters tried to drastically reduce the enormous power of the samurai , and to prevent a new shogun could return to defy the imperial power, appointed to the position his own son. Worse showed ingratitude toward those who had fought for him. Masashige was loyal to the core, but Takauji was another matter. While brooding over his resentment, was sent by the Emperor to Kamakura to quell an attempt to restore the shogunate by the dispossessed shikken . But once there, the volatile Takauji changed sides again and placed himself in front of bakufu. Immediately, the Emperor sent Masashige against him, forcing him to leave Kamakura and retire to the island of Kyushu.

Over time, Takauji got reorganized in Kyushu, inflicted a severe defeat on the imperial troops sent against him, and returned to Honshu with a large army. Very alarmed, Go-Daigo came true once again Masashige who, seeing the magnitude of the forces that lay ahead, he suggested a tactical retreat to Enryaku-Ji, leaving Takauji temporarily take Kyoto. Go-Daigo wanted no withdrawals, even if they were strategic, and ordered his general progress on Takauji. Masashige, despite knowing it was a losing battle due to the emperor and marched against Takauji at Minatogawa. There, in 1336, met for the last time these unique characters, Masashige, endowed with the cunning of Odysseus and Penelope's loyalty and Takauji, which was rather the type Alcibiades. Masashige was defeated and wounded in battle, and right there committed seppuku . Takauji entered Kyoto Imperial Prince chose a new emperor as puppet, and established new bakufu. For its part, Go-Daigo to Yoshino taking retired, yes, the imperial insignia.

Thus there was a schism that lasted for over 50 years. During this time there were two Emperors and two imperial courts, the Southern Go-Daigo, if we consider the possession of the insignia, was legitimate, and the north, led in the shade by the Ashikaga bakufu. _________________

Moritoki
* was Hojo. I try to set the minimum number of names for not rolling over yet. Anyway, here you can see the complete list of shikken Hojo clan.
** See Chapter 6. ***
Bakufu Shogunate means, ie the system of government in which the shogun holds real power. Here you can find a pattern of successive bakufu.

Images:
1. Emperor Go-Daigo
2. Masashige in civilian clothes Kusonoki
3. Ashikaga Takauji
4. Kusonoki
Masashige in combat 5. The Battle of Minatogawa

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HISTORY OF JAPAN (7): DISTURBING THE ATTENTION OF KHAN

Successive rulers continued to lead the Kamakura shogunate, and for half a century peace reigned. In 1268, at the time of shikken Tokimune Hojo, Kamakura became a messenger of Kublai Khan to deliver a letter in which the Mongol Emperor of China demanded Japan to pay tribute and recognition of its sovereignty. Tokimune refused to answer, and Kublai Khan, rigging an armada of 800 ships and 30,000 men, began the invasion of the islands closest to the mainland. Mongol Art of War Samurai baffled , accustomed to a ritual mode and chivalric combat. The Mongols were based on movements of large masses of combatants a technique that overwhelmed the Japanese, for whom the war was a matter between warriors of equal rank, rich in challenges and single combats. In 1275 the Mongols arrived in Kyushu and landed in Hakata Bay. Despite their inferiority, the samurai fought with tenacity and forced the Mongols to re-embark, causing 12,000 casualties in the attempt.

But it was not only the first assault, and Kublai Khan continued to require allegiance to the ruler. When the frequency of the messengers was increased, Tokimune took two steps, start beheading them and fortify the bay Hakata. In 1280 Kublai Khan attacked again. On this occasion, had prepared a massive armada of 4,400 ships and 200,000 men, divided into two squads. The first depart from the east, from the shores of Korea, the second, much larger from the south, from China. When the first fleet arrived in Hakata, the commander decided to attack without waiting for the second. Once again, the desperate resistance of the samurai slowed the landing of the invaders, but news of the imminent arrival of the second squad were predicting that the end was near. Hand was only God's help, but a prudent Tokimune had not overlooked this aspect, and, while waiting the arrival of the fleet, had sent the Emperor the Ise Grand Shrine to seek help from the goddess Amaterasu. Thus, in the moment of greatest despair, the Japanese had expected the arrival of the ships of the Khan saw the sky turns completely black. Then they understood that the help of Amaterasu materialized in the form of a kamikaze , an unstoppable divine wind that hit the invading ships, dismasted and sinking.

Only a third of the attackers managed to escape and return to the mainland. The Khan planned a third assault, even higher but did not materialize, possibly because the economic effort had been excessive. Japan was also bankrupt after his victory, heroic, but it had not produced territories or spoils. Worse was that Tokimune died in 1284, and for many years by shikken never again be occupied by a person so energetic. ___________________

Figure 1. Kublai Khan portrait by the artist and astronomer Nepali Anigo (1294)

Figure 2. Mongolian Shooting with shafts a samurai.

Figure 3. The Second Battle of Hakata.

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HISTORY OF JAPAN (6): THE CHANGING MAP OF THE PALMA ROSA

After ruthlessly rid of all obstacles in its path, including his brother, Minamoto no Yoritomo proved a very capable leader. Unfortunately, he died prematurely when he fell from his horse. The post of shogun then fell on his son, as was already shaping up as a hereditary monarchy in the shadow of the Emperor. Yoritomo's son was a pious young man, and was not at all prepared for what was coming: his mother. Masako, the widow of Yoritomo, an ambitious, determined and unscrupulous, was the one who actually took power, aided by his father. In a relentless sequence, did abdicate his son, who admitted to a monastery, and he was killed. Then appointed shogun to his son minor: Minamoto was the last to hold the position. Given the young age of the new shogun , Masako appointed regent ( shikken ) to his father. Japanese politics had become a maze of mirrors: now not only the emperor was a puppet shogun , but it was itself a puppet of shikken . In this power game, after a few years, the regent ordered to kill the shogun force, simultaneously launching a propaganda campaign against Minamoto potential candidates for office. Then went to the Emperor of Time, Go-Toba, and asked him to appoint a new shogun sufficiently manipulated. But the Emperor saw his own opportunity, and tried to find a candidate that would serve to restore their diminished power. For a time, Emperor and Regent was devoted to cakes, to submit their own candidates, and reject the contrary. Finally, in a fit of dignity Emperor outlawed the regent and declared, appealing to the divinity of the imperial dynasty, sought help from the monks of Enryaku-Ji shrine. He did not contact anyone, and Go-Toba was forced into exile.

Fig. 1: Minamoto no Yoritomo sitting on a leather stool.
Fig. 2: Emperor Go-Toba.
Carmen Quirós, this post is for you.

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A National Court judge has argued that it is "full justification" that the security forces give a tip of an armed gang, a behavior that seems to engage strongly in type 'collaboration with an armed group', being in the framework "A process of political negotiation or a peace process" *. Has argued, therefore, quite naturally, that the application of the Penal Code may be subject to a political decision.

That a judge of the Audiencia Nacional paste is allowed to kick the rule of law, with an ease that shows that not even felt the need to hide, should sound alarms. There appears to be happening on a large scale, and it seems to detect the operation of a peculiar mechanism: we understand the seriousness of the matter, but we are unable to do anything to avoid it. So she starts a dissonance that, like all others, triggers an automatic process of adjustment. And since we can not resolve the issue, we are convinced that it is irrelevant. By the way, we began to look with antipathy for those that are alarmed or report the incident, because we have a disturbing example. Over time, the mechanism generates a sort of label to the effect that, in politics, sweating is bad taste, and one who is agitated is viewed with disdain and suspicion. This explains, incidentally, how easy it is to make it 'crispador'. Yesterday was

Palma Rosa Díez featuring UPyD candidates for regional and local elections next May. A diagnosis of the parlous state of the patient Spain, and made a series of therapeutic measures to avoid death. Impeccably reasonable measures, which, I suspect, would be shared by a large majority of the English. But the problem is the complexity of diagnosis, but the doctors that will probably have to apply the therapy: the PP and PSOE **. The fact is that the major parties are unwilling to alter an ecosystem in which they live nicely, so once again, will refrain from taking measures that voters would applaud. However, they continue votándolos. Partly by considerations about the utility of their vote. In part, I fear, for reasons as described in the first paragraph of this post.

This was the approach of Rosa Diez: the two major parties have become gigantic pachyderms that close, with rear access to any alternative, and thus prevent the implementation of necessary therapies, which are essential for patient but painful for them. The voter is thus limited by a dramatic disjunctive: either vote for this, not quite like me or the other, which strongly repels me. UPyD, in the words of Rosa Díez, intends to introduce, between the two mammoth "o's" modest "and". Something that the pachyderms are nervous because nobody likes to see hanging around a coordinating conjunction near his buttocks. That helps explain the media blackout, so fair, have dedicated. ___________________




* I've seen things that others do not soñaríais . It is clear that the poor never crossed Roy Batty Zapatero's Spain. **

even remotely pretend equidistant between the two parties. The problem has been created by the PSOE Zapatero. But I think, since 2008, Rajoy has resigned to battle.

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TEN IN HISTORY OF JAPAN (5): The flashy DECLINE OF YOSHITSUNE

After the defeat of the Taira, Yoshitsune star gleamed with its full intensity. While, eaten by jealousy and envy, Yoritomo decided to delete it. Over five years he was chasing Yoshitsune and his followers, who not only remained faithful to the end, but is devoted to die of the most picturesque, particularly suitable to be represented in the kabuki . This was the case for Satô Tadanobu, who was caught by Yoritomo's men while he was with her lover (who had previously reported), and when they saw their enemies attacked them grabbing the first thing that came to hand, proved to be a Go board.

Finally, in 1189 came the fugitive Yoshitsune Koromogawa Castle, where he had planned to be a dignified death. In order to provide time to make arrangements, Benkei was placed on the bridge to the castle, and there planted fought fiercely against Yoritomo's men causing them heavy casualties. Frightened, they retreated to the other end of the bridge, from where they observed that, despite being riddled with arrows, Benkei was still standing with a fierce look in his eyes. Finally a soldier gathered enough courage to approach, and found that had died from an undetermined time. So this place is known as 'death on an Benkei' whose turbulent history reasoned, we might say, between two bridges *. Free

full of rival Minamoto Yoritomo in 1192 proclaimed himself shogun , a position which until then had been to something like a minister of war. Yoritomo, therefore, was not the first shogun of Japan, but the first to rely on the title to be the absolute ruler behind a puppet emperor. As if to emphasize the separation between the effective power of shogun and nominal power of the Emperor, Yoritomo moved the institutions of government from Kyoto to Kamakura. Therefore, this period is known as the shogunate ( Bakufu ) of Kamakura.

_____________ * See chapter 3.

Engravings, from top:
1 .- Being surrounded by men of Yoritomo in a temple, Satô Tadanobu jumps through a window dressed in the armor of Yoshitsune to mislead. 2 .- Satô Tadanobu
attacking their attackers with the Go board.
3 .- Another version of the same episode. Look better here

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